Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of the intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.
美国的知识分子在他所处的社会中受到排斥且被认为是无足轻重的,这是真的吗?我要说的是,事实并非如此。当Bruckberger 神父指出是知识分子排斥了美国时,他只讲出了部分实情。然而知识分子做的还不止这些。他们渐渐对知识分子这个角色感到不满。反对知识分子的不是美国,而是知识分子自己。
observe; ob-, 向前,朝向, -serve, 注视,观察,保护 → 引申词义坚守,遵守,遵行等;文中翻译为指出,表示注意到、观察到的意思。
dissatisfy;dis-否定 + satis- 足 , 饱 , 满 + -fy 动词词尾 → 使不满。
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
首先,我们迫切需要对研究对象下一个定义。什么是知识分子?我会把知识分子定义为对道德问题进行苏格拉底式思考并将此作为自己人生的首要责任和乐趣的人。他自觉、清晰、坦诚地探究道德问题,首先提出事实问题,接着提出道德问题,最后根据自己所获得的事实和道德方面的信息,提出看似合适的行为建议。知识分子的职责与法官的职责相似,即他有义务用尽可能明了的方式来展示自己做出决定的推理过程。
object; ob-, 向前,朝向,相对,对着的, -ject, 扔,投掷 → 投掷的方向、对象 → 对象,客体;宾语;目的,目标;物体,实物。
plead; plea- 请求 + d → 请求,恳求,申辩,做辩护,找借口;文中翻译为迫切需要。
definition; de- 下降 强调 + -fin- 界限 + -ition 名词词尾 → 强调界限、定下界限 → 定义,解释。
elect; e- 出 + -lect- 采集 → 选出的 → 选举,推选;选择,作出选择。
primary; prime, 第一的,最初的,首要的, -ary, 形容词后缀 → 最初的,初级的;主要的,首要的,基本的。
activity; act- 行动 + -ivity 名词词尾 , 表性质/状态 → 行动的状态 → 活力,活跃,活动。
Socratic; 苏格拉底以提问的方式揭露对方提出的各种命题、学说中的矛盾 → 这种方式一般被称为“苏格拉底的讽刺”( Socratic irony ) → 苏格拉底的,苏格拉底式的 → 作名词时 表示苏格拉底的信徒。
moral; mor- 习惯 + -al 形容词词尾 → 品行,性格,风俗 → 道德规范,道义,品德,道德的,道义的。
consciously; con- 加强意义 + -sci- 知 + -ous 形容词词尾 + -ly → 有意识地,自觉地。
articulately; articul (分成节)+ ate (动词后缀) → 分成节来说 → 各个音节区分清晰 →清晰发音 → 连贯地,发音清晰地。
frankly; 来自 Frank, 法兰克人,部落名 → 法兰克人性格粗犷豪放,对人坦诚 → 坦率地,真诚地,优雅地。
factual; fact- 做 , 作 + -ual 形容词词尾 → 事实的,真实的。
appropriate; ap (= ad ,使)+ propri (自己的)+ ate (动词后缀) → 使变成自己的 → 拨款、占用;→ 符合自己的 → 适当的;文中表示适当地。
in the light of; 因為,鑒於。
function; 来自拉丁语 functio, 履行,执行 → 功能。
analogous; ana- 类似 + -log- 推理 + -ous 形容词词尾 → 类似的,相似的,可比拟的。
judge; jus (法律)和 -dic- (说) → 说法律 → judic- 法律 , 公正 → 审判员,法官;评判员,裁判员,判断,审判。
obligation; ob- 加强意义 + -lig- 捆 , 约束 + -ation → 加强捆绑 → 义务,责任。
reveal; re- 后 + veal ( veil )面纱 → 面纱向后揭开 → 展现,显示;揭示,揭露;泄露,告诉。
obvious; ob- 在…上面 + -vi- 路 + -ous 形容词词尾 → 摆在路上 , 都能看见 → 明显的,显而易见的。
manner; man- 手( n 双写) + -er 抽象名词词尾 → 手的姿势 → 方式,方法;(pl.)举止,风度,礼貌;(pl.)风俗,规矩。
course; cours (= -curs- )流 , 跑 + -e → 过程,进程;路线;学业,课程;一道菜;文中翻译为过程。
This definition excludes many individuaIs usually referred to as intellectuals-the average scientist, for one. I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine duties-he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
这个定义将许多通常被称作知识分子的人排除在外—比如普通科学家。我之所以将普通科学家排除在外,是因为尽管他的成果可能有助于解决道德问题,但他除了研究那些问题的基本面以外,尚未承担起处理任何问题的任务。像其他人一样,即使在日常工作中,科学家也会遇到道德问题—他不应该篡改实验、捏造证据或伪造报告。但是,普通科学家的首要任务并不是思考支配自己行为的道德准则,就如同不能指望商人专注于探索商业行为准则一样。普通科学家在其一生大部分时间里,都将遵守职业道德视为理所当然,就像商人遵守商业道德一样。
exclude; ex- 向外 + -clud- 关 , 闭 + -e 动词词尾 → 把…关闭在外 → 把…排出在外,拒绝(入内),排斥,不包括。
accomplishment; ac- 加强意义 + com- 共同 + -pli- (充满 ,i 省略) + -ish 动词词尾 → ac (= ad ,去)+ complish (完成) → accomplish:完成 → accomplishment 成就。
solution; solut- 解开 , 放松;溶解 + -ion 名词词尾 → 解决办法,解答;溶解,溶液。
charge; carr- 装载 → charge 装载 → 使人负担费用,使人负有罪名,使电池“装载”电荷 → 索价,要…支付;控告,指控,指责;使承担…职责,赋职;充电;文中表示承担。
approaching; ap (= ad ,去)+ proach (接近)→ 接近;文中翻译为处理,表示实际解决问题的行动。
aspect; a (= ad ,去)+ spect (看) → (星体)相互看→星体的相对位置→呈现出来的样子→外貌、形势、方面。
encounter; en- 使… + counter 相对 → 进入相对状态的 → 面对面遭遇的 → 遭遇,遇到。
issue; 古法语 issue, 出口,出去 → 向外走出 → 向外提出问题、提出议题、往外发布、发行→ 问题、议题,期刊,发行;有时还可以指子女,文中翻译为问题。
performance; par-, 完全的,整个的 + fornir, 提供,形成 → perform:完成,履行,做;表演,演出.
routine; route, 路线, -ine, 形容词后缀 → 引申词义常规的,日常的。
suppose; sup- 下 , 低 + -pos- 放置 → 料想,猜想,以为;假设,假定。
cook; PIE * pekw, 燃烧,加热 → 烹煮 → 捏造,篡改。
manufacture; manu- 手 + -fact- 做 , 作 + -ure → 制造,加工 → 捏造,编造。
doctor; PIE * dek, 接受,得体,匹配,教导 → 原义指老师,尤指宗教导师,学者,神父 → 后用于指医生和博士 → 阉割 → 篡改、伪造。
dedicate; de-, 向下,强调 + -dic, 说,声称 → 原为宗教术语,即向上帝发愿 → 致力于完成某功德 致力于,奉献,把...用在。
conduct; con- 共同 , 一起 + -duct- 引导 → 引导,行为;指挥(乐队);经营,管理,处理;传导,传(热、电等);文中翻译为行为。
exploration; ex-, 向外。 -plor, 大叫,哭喊 → 原指猎人在打猎时通过叫声把鸟赶出山林,后词义引申为探索 → 名词 勘探、探索、研究。
code; codex, 树干 → 古代发现于树干上的文字难懂 → 密码,法典;文中翻译为职业道德。。
grant; cred “相信” → 变音 → 授予这一行为中包含了对对方的信任 → 授予,准予,同意;文中翻译为遵守。
ethic; 来自 ethos, 道德观 → 道德伦理。
The definition also excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living. They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts," as Emerson would say, is something else.
这个定义也将大多数教师排除在外,虽然教学是许多知识分子传统的谋生手段。他们可以教得很好,而且不只是为了赚取薪资但他们中的大多数人却几乎或根本不会对涉及道德判断的人类问题进行独立思考。这种描述甚至适用于大多数杰出学者。在人类知识的某个领域学识渊博是一回事;而正如爱默生所说,过一种“心怀大众、思想卓越”的生活,是另一回事。
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