While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. " Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men, " according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital.
尽管女性在现代生活中的某些领域仍在努力追赶男性,但至少在一个不利的方面,女性似乎远远超越了男性。纽约市退伍军人管理医院的精神科主任医师耶胡达博士表示,“面对压力时,女性比男性更容易患抑郁症和焦虑症。
sphere; 来自希腊语 sphaira, 球,球体 → 引申 词义大气层 → 范围,领域。
undesirable; un- 否定 + desire 愿望 + -able 形容词词尾 → 不受欢迎的,令人不快的。
susceptible; sus- 下 , 低 + -cept- 拿 + -ible 形容词词尾 → 易受影响的,敏感的。
psychiatrist; 来自 psychiatry, 精神病学 → 精神病医生。
veteran; 来自 PIE * wet, 年,岁月,词源同 wether → 引申义有经验的,退役的老兵。
Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal those of the males.
对动物和人类的研究均表明:性激素会以某种方式影响两性对压力的反应,在同等压力条件下,它会使雌性比雄性分泌出更多诱发不良反应的化学物质。其中几项研究表明,承受过大压力的雌性老鼠在摘除卵巢(雌性生殖器官)后,它们身体内的化学反应变得与雄性老鼠相当。
trigger; 改写或回构自早期拼写形式 tricker, 来自荷兰语 trekker, 扳机 → 引申词义起因,诱因等。
ovary; 来自 PIE * oyyo, 卵,蛋,词源同 egg. 用于指卵巢。
reproductive; re-, 再,重新, produce, 生产,繁殖 → reproductive 生殖。
Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. I's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with," says Dr. Yehuda." Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's ," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out
from it more visibly and sooner."
加重女性体内更多压力化学物质剂量的,是她们增多的压力“机会”。“这并不是说女性不会像男性那样应对压力。只是她们有更多的压力要应对”,耶胡达博士说。她还表示,“女性可能比男性更能忍受圧力,只是她们需要应对太多的事情,因而会更明显也更迅速地变得疲惫不堪”。
capacity; cap- 拿 + -acity 名词词尾 → 容量,容积;能量,能力;接受力。
tolerate; toler- 忍受 , 忍耐 + -ate 动词词尾 → 容忍,默许,忍受。
observe; ob-, 向前,朝向, -serve, 注视,观察,保护 → 引申词义坚守,遵守,遵行等。
visibly; -vis- 看见 + -ible 形容词词尾 → visible:看得见的,明显的,显著的 → visibly 副词 明显地。
worn out; 用过的, 不能再用的;耗尽的, 累的, 筋疲力尽的;极累的。
Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. "I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.“
耶胡达博士还指出两性之间的另一个不同之处。“我认为女性接触的事情往往更具有长期性或反复性的特点。男性上战场,面临战斗的压力。他们面临更多的是偶然的身体上的暴力行为。女性所面临的各种人际关系暴力往往发生在家庭环境中,不幸的是,这些暴力来自父母或其他家庭成员,而且往往不是一次性的。这种长期人际关系带来的折磨可能是极具毁灭性的。”
expose; ex- 向外 + -pos- 放置 + -e → 使暴露,揭露;陈列;使(底片)曝光。
chronic; 希腊神话中的第二代神王克洛诺斯( Cronus ) → 由于克洛诺斯就像无情的时间一样吞噬一切,所以从他的名字 Cronus 中产生了表示时间的词根 chron (时间) → chron- 时间 + -ic 形容词词尾 → 长期的;长期患病的,慢性的;积习难改的;严重的,坏的。
combat; com- 共同 + -bat- 打 , 击 → 战斗,格斗。
physical; 来自 physic, 自然科学, -al, 形容词后缀 → 引申词义大自然的,自然界的,物质的,身体的,肉体的,躯体的,物理的等。
violence; 来自拉丁语 vis, 力量,能量,强健 → 后词义贬义化,用来指暴力 → viol 暴行 , 暴力 + -ence 形容词词尾 → 暴力,暴行;猛烈,激烈。
domestic; dom- 房子 + es + -tic 形容词词尾 → 家(庭)的,家用的;本国的;驯养的。
wear-and-tear; tear除了哭,还有一个意思就是撕,穿了又撕了,反反复复的做无聊的事情,就相当于friction磨擦,文中翻译为折磨。
devastate; de-, 强调,整个的。 vast, 广阔的。即整个摧毁 → 彻底破坏。
Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better." Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother." It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck."
阿德琳·阿尔瓦雷兹女士18岁结婚并生有一子,但她决心要读完大学。“为了获得大学文凭,我拼尽全力。我的生活中挫折不断,以至于上学、上进、做得更好都成了我摆脱现实困境的方式。”后来,她离了婚,变成了单身母亲。“既要照料一个十几岁的孩子,还要工作、支付房租、偿还车贷以及债务,这是最艰难的事情。我的收入勉强能够养家糊口。“
determine; de- 加强意义 + -termin- 限定 + -e → 划界限 , 定目标 , 朝目标走 → (使)下决心,(使)做出决定;确定,测定;限定,制定,支配。
struggle; 努力,斗争,奋斗,争取。
frustration; 来自 fraud, 欺骗,伤害 → frustrate 即被欺骗的,被伤害的,受到挫折的 →挫折、沮丧、懊恼。
teenager; teenage 十几岁的 + er 人 → 青少年。
paycheck to paycheck; 意思是“一张支票到另一张支票”,其中的“paycheck”就是“支票”的意思。在美国,很多人的工资是周薪制,而发放的方式就是支票,很多人是月光族,那么他就会说自己是“paycheck to paycheck”,就是一张支票等着下一张支票过日子。
Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks and feeling the strain. Alvarez's demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before your health and your ability to function.
并不是所有人都会经历阿尔瓦雷兹女士所描述的那种沉重的长期压力。但是如今大多数女性都担负着很多责任,几乎没有休息的时间,因此感到焦虑。阿尔瓦雷兹的经历表明:在压力威胁到你的健康和身体机能之前,寻找途径缓解压力非常重要。
severe; se- 是否定前缀,表 without ; ver- 为词根“仁慈” → 不仁慈 → 严厉的,苛刻的,严重的,困难的。
obligation; ob- 加强意义 + -lig- 捆 , 约束 + -ation → 义务;职责;债务。
strain; 拉紧,绷紧;使紧张,尽力使用;拉伤,扭伤。
demonstrate; de- 加强意义 + -mon- 提醒 , 警告 + -ster 名词词尾( e 略) + -ate 动词词尾 → 表示,表明;举例说明;证实,证明;示范,表演,展示;当众夸耀(某物)的好处(以招徕买主);图解,插图。
diffuse; dif- 分离 , 分开 + -fus- 熔 , 注 + -e → 分散开熔 → 漫射,散布,扩散。