2006 When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct.

好奇小子
好奇小子
管理员
6635
文章
0
粉丝
考研英语真题评论227字数 2131阅读7分6秒阅读模式

When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals: they suddenly became extinct.  Smaller species survived. The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. Now something similar could be happening in the oceans.

当史前人类到达世界上某个新地方时,一些奇怪的事情发生在大型动物身上:它们突然灭绝了。而小型物种却能幸存下来。生长缓慢的大型动物容易被捕获,并迅速请到错杀,以致灭绝。现在,类似的情况可能正在海洋中发生。

prehistoric; pre- 前 + historic:有历史意义的,历史的 → 历史之前的。

extinct; ex-, 向外。 -stinct, 刺 → 拔刺,拔出 → 比喻义连根拔起,灭绝 → 灭绝的,绝种的。

species; -spec- 种 + -ies → 种,类,物种。

survive; sur- 超过 + -viv- 活 + -e → 比…长命;幸免于,幸存。

game;作名词时 比赛、游戏、运动、一局(场) 、娱乐、行当、诡计、猎物;文中表示猎物。

easy game;容易捕获的猎物,翻译为容易被捕获,省略的“猎物”。


That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. They have looked at half a century of data from fisheries around the world. Their methods do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass (the amount of living biological matter) of fish species in particular parts of the ocean, but rather changes in that biomass over time.  According to their latest paper published
in Nature, the biomass of large predators (animals that kill and eat other animals) in a new fishery is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation.  In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then.

海洋鱼类被过度捕捞的事实多年来一直为人所周知。兰森姆·迈尔斯和鲍里斯·沃尔姆等研究者向我们揭示了事情变化得有多快。他们研究了世界各地渔场半个世纪的数据。其研究方法并不是试图估算特定海域中鱼类的实际生物量(活体生物的数量),而是估算生物量随着时间推移所发生的变化。根据他们最近发表在《自然》杂志上的一篇论文可知,新渔场在开发的前15年里,大型食肉鱼类(猎食其他动物的鱼类)的生物量平均减少了80%。从那以后,在一些长期捕鱼的海域,生物量又减少了一半。

fishery; fish-鱼 + ry 场地 → 渔场。

attempt; at- 同 ad-. -tempt, 同 tend, 倾向;鼻音 m,n 音变 → 打算、尝试、试图。

estimate; aes, 铜, +-tim, 砍,切 + ate 动词后缀 → 切一块铜(铜有价值)并估算价值 → 估计;估算;估价 可作动词和名词。

biomass; bio 生物 + mass 大量 → 生物量、生物质。

biological matter;生物的 生物学的 +matter 问题、事情、物质、毛病、麻烦 → 生物质,广义上,生物质包括所有的植物、微生物以及以植物、微生物为食物的动物及其生产的废弃物,文中翻译为生物。

predator; 拉丁语 praeda, 猎物,劫掠 → 劫掠者 → 引申词义捕食者。

exploitation; exploit, 剥削,利用 → 开发,剥削;文中翻译为开发。


Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. Today's vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar, which were not available 50 years ago. That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by charges in catch sizes. In the early days, too, longlines would have been more saturated with fish. Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past. Furthermore, in the early days of longline fishing, a lot of fish were lost to sharks after they had been hooked. That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now.

沃尔姆博士承认这些数据是保守的。原因之一是捕鱼技术提高了。如今的渔船能够使用50年前还没有的卫星和声呐寻找猎物。这意味着更大比例的海洋生物正在遭到捕捞,因此现在跟过去生物量的实际差异很可能比捕捞量变化所记录的差异更大。而且,早些时候,多钩长线上能够挂满更多的鱼。但因为用没有挂诱饵的鱼钩来诱捕它们,因此个别鱼可能会漏捕,这种情况会导致人们低估过去的鱼类储量。此外,在多钩长线捕鱼的早期,大量的鱼上钩以后又会被鲨鱼吃掉。如今,这不再是一个问题了,因为周围的鲨鱼变少了。

conservative;  con- 加强意义 + -serv- 保持 , 留心 + -ative 形容词词尾 → 保守的,守旧的。

vessel; 拉丁语 vas, 容器 → 引申词义船只,轮船。

prey; 拉丁语 praeda, 猎物,劫掠 → (缩写自) prehendere, 抓住,握住 → 捕食,猎捕,猎物。

satellite; 法语 satellite, 侍卫,卫兵 → 卫星正像一直守候在重要人物周围的侍从和护卫 → 卫星,人造卫星。

sonar; 缩写自 sound navigation ranging → 一种利用声波探测水下物体的装置 → 声纳,声波定位仪。

proportion; pro- 前 + -port- 部 , 比率 + -ion 名词词尾 → 按之前的量分开(pro有根据、按照之意) → (所占)比例 → 比,比率;均衡,相称;份,部份。

longline; 字面意思长的线 → 延绳钓,多钩长线。

saturate; satur- 足 , 饱 , 满 + -ate 动词词尾 , 使… → 使充满,使饱和;使湿透,浸透。

hook; 古英语 hoc, 钩子 → 钩子,鱼钩,挂钩。

baited hook;  古英语 bat (使其咬) →  bait 诱饵 → baited hook 带饵的钩。

trap; 陷阱,罗网,圈套。

underestimate; 低估。

stock; 本意是“树干” → 逐渐衍生出“桩、基座”的含义 → 存货(存放物品或牲畜的仓库都是用木桩和木板造成的) → 存货,储备,供应,家畜,牲畜,股票,证券,高汤,原汤。

shark; 可能来自加勒比某土著语言 xok 鲨鱼 → 引申比喻义诈骗者,骗子;也有观点认为该词本来词义就是诈骗者,骗子,后用于指鲨鱼这种凶猛的鱼。


Dr. Myers and Dr. Worm argue that their work gives a correct baseline, which future management efforts must take into account. They believe the data support an idea current among marine biologists, that of the "shifting baseline". The notion is that people have failed to detect the massive changes which have happened in the ocean because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past. That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.

迈尔斯博士和沃尔姆博士认为他们的研究给出了一个未来捕捞管理工作必须考虑的正确基准。他们认为这些数据能够证明海洋生物学家普遍认可的观点,即“动态基准”。这种观点认为:人们未能察觉到海洋里已经发生的巨大变化,因为他们一直以来只回顾过去相对较短时间内的情况。这很重要,因为“动态基准”理论指出:当目标物种的生物量大约是初始水平的50%时,渔场能够获得最大持续渔获量。大多数渔场却远远低于这一水平,这是一种有害的经营方式。

argue; arg, 白 → 争吵以辩白 → 争吵 → 论证、说理、证明、表明。

effort; ef-, 向外。 -fort, 力量 → 努力 → 费力的事情,艰难的尝试,有组织的活动,努力的结果;文中翻译为工作。

account; ac- 加强意义 + -count- 计算 , 讲故事 → 账目/说明 → 账目,账户;说明,叙述。

into account 把…考虑在内;充分考虑;如果考虑到。

current; curr- 流 , 跑 + -ent 形容词词尾 → 流行的,通用的;当前的,现在的。

marine; mar- 海 + -ine 形容词词尾 → 海的,海产的,航海的,船舶的,海运的。

shifting; shift:转移,转换 → shifting 不断移动的,流动的;文中翻译为动态。

detect; de- 去掉 + -tect- 掩盖 → 发觉,觉察;侦查,探测。

relatively;  re- 回 + -lat- 携带 , 拿取 + -ive 形容词词尾 + -ly 副词词尾 → 从对方拿回→ relative 两方有关系的、 相关的,有亲属、亲戚之意→ relatively 相关地、相对地;文中指相对地。

matter; 作动词时,表示事关紧要、要紧、有重大影响。

sustainable; sus- 下 + -tain- 握 , 持有 + -able → 能保持的,能维持的;可持续的。

yield; 其原义为加入行业公会,获取行业保护 → 引申词义出产,收获 → 出产,屈服。

crop; PIE * ger, 团,块,群 → 原指鸟的嗉囔 → 后主要指成熟的庄稼穗 → 庄稼,收割 → 作动词表示 剪短、裁剪、啃吃、有收成、种地;crop from 文中翻译为从....(渔场)获得。

weinxin
我的微信
微信号已复制
“哈莫尼微健康”公众号
公司秉承爱人如己、以诚相待的态度,创建并联合优质医疗机构为每一位客户提供创新细胞功能的健康干预方案和优质系统的诊疗养护服务。
 
  • account
  • attempt
  • shark
  • detect
  • biomass
  • into account
  • species
  • biological matter
  • current
  • argue
  • predator
  • marine
  • relatively
  • vessel
  • shifting
  • conservative
  • prey
  • sustainable
  • effort
  • satellite
  • yield
  • survive
  • sonar
  • crop
  • proportion
  • longline
  • relative
  • estimate
  • saturate
  • matter
  • hook
  • prehistoric
  • baited hook
  • extinct
  • bait
  • game
  • trap
  • easy game
  • underestimate
  • exploitation
  • fishery
  • stock
匿名

发表评论

匿名网友
:?: :razz: :sad: :evil: :!: :smile: :oops: :grin: :eek: :shock: :???: :cool: :lol: :mad: :twisted: :roll: :wink: :idea: :arrow: :neutral: :cry: :mrgreen:

拖动滑块以完成验证